Left Behind Places as Neo-Peripheries of Modernity: Main Research Directions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52575/2712-7443-2025-49-3-601-617Keywords:
‘left behind places’, development, space, globalization, periphery, marginalization, societyAbstract
The multidimensional impact of globalization has greatly changed spatial development around the world. As a result, many territories have fallen behind the leading ones. Contemporary science describes them as “left behind places”. The purpose of this paper is to analyze their theoretical foundations, as well as to identify the main directions of their research. The study made it possible to single out two large groups of factors in the formation of “left behind places”, including the situational and fundamental ones, and to trace the connection with the “geography of discontent”. The multiscale manifestation of “left behind places” is associated with the combined influence of such spatial processes as polarization, metropolization, and peripheralization. The author stresses that “left behind places” are not renamed peripheries, but neo-peripheries of modernity that emerged as a result of various factors. The paper provides a visualization of the “left behind places” use frequency, demonstrating their increasing relevance. Seven main themes of the research are discussed in detail: theory, methodologies of definition and typology; problems of internal (neo-endogenous) development; the relationship of “left behind places” to the rise of political populism and opposition forces; policy measures to solve the issue of “left behind places”; “left behind places” of the Global South; and selected research topics.
Downloads
References
Список источников
Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society. 2024. Electronic resource. URL: https://academic.oup.com/cjres/issue/17/1 (date of access: 10.03.2025).
Google Ngram. Electronic resource. URL: https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content= left+behind+places&year_start=1970&year_end=2022&corpus=en&smoothing=10&case_ insensitive=true (date of access 14.03.2025).
Google Trends. Electronic resource. URL: https://trends.google.ru/trends/explore?date=2004-01- 01%202025-03-14&q=left%20behind%20places&hl=ru (date of access 14.03.2025).
Special Session 66 Spatial Policy and Governance for Left-behind Places. 2024. Electronic resource. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377874363_Special_Session_66_Spatial_Policy_ and_Governance_for_Left-behind_Places (date of access: 10.03.2025).
Strategia Nazionale Aree Interne. Electronic resource. URL: https://www.agenziacoesione.gov.it/strategia-nazionale-aree-interne/ (date of access: 21.03.2025).
Список литературы
Анохин А.А., Кузин В.Ю. 2019. Подходы к выделению периферии и периферизация в пространстве современной России. Известия Русского географического общества, 151(1): 3–16. https://doi.org/ 10.31857/S0869-607115113-16
Грицай О.В., Иоффе Г.В., Трейвиш А.И. 1991. Центр и периферия в региональном развитии. М., Институт географии АН СССР, 168 с.
Дружинин А.Г. 2013. Пространственные возможности и барьеры постиндустриального развития региональной метрополии (на примере Ростова-на-Дону). Региональные исследования, 2(40): 25–32.
Дружинин А.Г. 2014. Полизависимость в центро-периферийной стратификации территориальной организации общества: основы концепции. Социально-экономическая география. Вестник Ассоциации российских географов-обществоведов, 3: 29–40.
Исянбаев М.Н. 2017. Депрессивные территории: сущность, формирование, принципы выделения. Вестник ВЭГУ, 4(90): 51–57.
Каганский В.Л. 2012. Внутренняя периферия – новая растущая зона культурного ландшафта России. Известия РАН. Серия географическая, 6: 23–34.
Казаков М.Ю. 2020. Пространственно-экономические системы «центр-периферия»: теоретические основы, диагностика проблем, стратегические направления развития. Ставрополь, АГРУС Ставропольского государственного аграрного университета, 608 с.
Кайбичева Е.И. 2017. Такая многоликая периферия, или к вопросу о типологии периферийных регионов. Вестник Самарского государственного экономического университета, 7(153): 23–29.
Кузин В.Ю. 2019. Процесс метрополизации современной России в контексте поляризации. Псковский регионологический журнал, 1(37): 33–45.
Кузин В.Ю. 2024. Центро-периферийная теория в пространственном развитии: критический анализ. Вестник БФУ. Естественные и медицинские науки, 2: 57–67. https://doi.org/10.5922/vestniknat-2024-2-4
Лапин А.В., Кутергина Г.В. 2016. Идентификация и моделирование развития депрессивных территорий: отечественный и зарубежный опыт. Вестник Пермского университета. Серия: Экономика, 1(28): 98–109.
Лукин Е.В. 2014. Тенденции развития социально-экономического пространства России. Вопросы территориального развития, 7(17): 1–10.
Мартынов В.Л. 2001. Коммуникационная среда мира и общественное развитие. Мировая экономика и международные отношения, 1: 27–33. https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2001-1- 27-33
Мельникова Л.В. 2024. «Ядро-периферия» и периферийность в региональной науке. Пространственная экономика, 20(1): 144–162. https://doi.org/10.14530/se.2024.1.144-162 Нефедова Т.Г. 2008. Российская периферия как социально-экономический феномен. Региональные исследования, 5(20): 14–30.
Нефёдова Т.Г., Стрелецкий, В.Н., Трейвиш А.И. 2022а. Поляризация социально-экономического пространства современной России: принципы, направления и последствия. Вестник РАН, 92(6): 551–563. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0869587322060093
Нефедова Т.Г., Трейвиш А.И., Шелудков А.В. 2022б. Полимасштабный подход к выявлению пространственного неравенства в России как стимула и тормоза развития. Известия Российской академии наук. Серия географическая, 86(3): 289–309. https://doi.org/10.31857/S2587556622030128
Родоман Б.Б. 1987. Экспрессный транспорт, расселение и охрана природы. В кн.: Методы изучения расселения. М., Ин-т географии АН СССР: 44–54.
Родоман Б.Б. 2012. Российская внутренняя периферия: взгляд в разных приближениях, на разных уровнях. В кн.: Российская глубинка – модели и методы изучения. М., Эслан: 41–48.
Тагирова Э.И. 2020. Критерии отнесения регионов к депрессивным территориям. Вестник Алтайской академии экономики и права, 10–3: 309–313. https://doi.org/10.17513/vaael.1380
Удалов В.С., Колобов О.А. 2012. Система «центр – периферия» в современном политическом процессе. Вестник Нижегородского государственного университета им. Н.И. Лобачевского,2–1: 297–301.
Benner M., Trippl M. Hassink R. 2024. Sustainable and Inclusive Development in Left-Behind Places. Review of Regional Research, 44: 237–249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10037-024-00216-w
Bolton M, Day R., Leach M. 2019. England’s Overlooked Neighbourhoods: Defining, Understanding and Regenerating ‘Left Behind’ Communities. Journal of Urban Regeneration and Renewal, 13(2): 116–123. https://doi.org/10.69554/SWRD8747
Comim Fl., Abreu M., Guinesi M.B.C. 2024. Defining Left Behind Places: an Internationally Comparative Poset Analysis. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 17(1): 163–180. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsad038
Connor D.S., Berg Al.K., Kemeny T., Kedron P.J. 2024. Who Gets Left Behind by Left Behind Places? Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 17(1): 37–58. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsad031
Daniel Z., Whalan R. 2021. Greetings from Trumpland: How an Unprecedented Presidency Changed Everything. Sydney, ABC Books, 361 p.
Davenport A., Zaranko B. 2020. Levelling Up: Where and How. In: IFS Green Budget. London, Institute for Fiscal Studies: 315–371.
Eisenberg A.M. 2024. What does It Mean to be ‘Left Behind?’ Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 17(2): 425–430. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsae008
Essletzbichler J., Disslbacher F., Moser M. 2018. The Victims of Neoliberal Globalisation and the Rise of the Populist Vote: a Comparative Analysis of Three Recent Electoral Decisions. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 11(1): 73–94. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsx025
Fikri K. 2024. Persistently Poor, Left-Behind and Chronically Disconnected. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 17(1): 249–258. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsad048
Fiorentino S., Glasmeier A.K., Lobao L., Martin R., Tyler P. 2024. ‘Left Behind Places’: What can be Done about Them? Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 17(2): 259–274. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsae012
Fiorentino S., Glasmeier A.K., Lobao L., Martin R., Tyler P. 2024. ‘Left Behind Places’: What are They and Why do They Matter? Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 17(1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsad044
Fiorentino S., Sielker F., Tomaney J. 2024. Coastal Towns as ‘Left-Behind Places’: Economy, Environment and Planning. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 17(1): 103–116. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsad045
Flint J., Powell R. 2021. Beyond the Noosphere? Northern England’s ‘Left Behind’ Urbanism. In: Global Urbanism: Knowledge, Power and the City. London, Routledge: 80–88.
Fuguitt G. 1971. The Places Left Behind: Population Trends and Policy for Rural America. Rural Sociology, 36(4): 449–470.
Gordon I.R. 2018. In What Sense Left Behind by Globalisation? Looking for a Less Reductionist Geography of the Populist Surge in Europe. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 11(1): 95–113. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsx028
Iammarino S., Rodriguez-Pose A., Storper M. 2019. Regional Inequality in Europe: Evidence, Theory and Policy Implications. Journal of Economic Geography, 19(2): 273–298. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lby021
Jessen S. 2024. The Role of Time and Space in the Identification of Left Behind Regions: a Case Study of Denmark. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 17(1): 201–218. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsad047
MacKinnon D., Béal V., Leibert T. 2024. Rethinking ‘Left-Behind’ Places in a Context of Rising Spatial Inequalities and Political Discontent. Regional Studies, 58(6): 1161–1166. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2023.2291581
MacKinnon D., Kempton L., O'Brien P., Ormerod E., Pike A., Tomaney J. 2022. Reframing Urban and Regional ‘Development’ for ‘Left Behind’ Places. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 15(1): 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsab034
Martin R., Gardiner B., Pike A., Sunley P., Tyler P. 2021. Levelling Up Left Behind Places: The Scale and Nature of the Economic and Policy Challenge. London, Routledge, 140 p.
Martin R., Martinelli F., Clifton J. 2022. Rethinking Spatial Policy in an Era of Multiple Crises. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 15(1): 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsab037
Martins H. 2024. Left Behind Places in Brazil: the Dynamics of Regional Inequalities and Public Policies in the Early 21st Century. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 17(1): 235–248. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsad035
McCann P. 2020. Perceptions of Regional Inequality and the Geography of Discontent: Insights from the UK. Regional Studies, 54(2): 256–267. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2019.1619928
Mpungose A., Myeni S.L. 2025. Regional Development and the Challenge of ‘Left Behind’ Places in South Africa. In: Contemporary South Africa and the Political Economy of Regional Development. Eds. Mdlalose M., Khambule I., Khalema N.E. London, Routledge: 93–115.
Özatağan G., Eraydin A. 2023. Political Twists and Turns in Left-Behind Places: Reactions of an Extractive Heartland to Changing State Strategies. Regional Studies, 58(6): 1251–1263. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2023.2249505
Pike A., Béal V., Cauchi-Duval N., Franklin R., Kinossian N., Lang Th., Leibert T., MacKinnon D., Rousseau M., Royer J., Servillo L., Tomaney J., Velthuis S. 2023. ‘Left Behind Places’: a Geographical Etymology. Regional Studies, 58(6): 1167–1179. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2023.2167972
Pruitt L.R. 2024. Mustering the Political Will to Help Left-Behind Places in a Polarized USA. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 17(2): 407–416. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsae014
Rodríguez-Pose A., Lee N., Lipp C. 2021. Golfing with Trump. Social Capital, Decline, Inequality, and the Rise of Populism in the US. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 14(3): 457–481. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsab026
Rodríguez-Pose A., Terrero-Dávila J., Lee N. 2023. Left-Behind Versus Unequal Places: Interpersonal Inequality, Economic Decline and the Rise of Populism in the USA and Europe. Journal of Economic Geography, 23(5): 951–977. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbad005
Ruyter A. De, Martin R., Tyler P. 2021. Geographies of Discontent: Sources, Manifestations and Consequences. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 14(3): 381–393. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsab025
Sobolewska M., Ford R. 2020. Brexitland: Identity, Diversity and the Reshaping of British Politics. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 410 p.
Thomas J.M. 1991. The cities left behind. Built Environment, 17(3/4): 218–231.
Tierney J., Weller S., Barnes T., Beer A. 2023. Left-Behind Neighbourhoods in Old Industrial Regions. Regional Studies, 58(6): 1192–1206. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2023.2234942
Tomaney J., Blackman M., Natarajan L., Panayotopoulos-Tsiros D., Sutcliffe-Braithwaite F., Taylor M. 2023. Social Infrastructure and ‘Left-Behind Places’. Regional Studies, 58(6): 1237–1250. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2023.2224828
Tups G., Sakala E.N., Dannenberg P. 2023. Hope and Path Development in ‘Left-Behind’ Places – a Southern Perspective. Regional Studies, 58(6): 1219–1236. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2023.2235396
Ulrich-Schad J.D., Duncan C.M. 2018. People and Places Left Behind: Work, Culture and Politics in the Rural United States. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 45(1): 59–79.
Velthuis S., Royer J., Le Petit-Guerin M., Cauchi-Duval N., Franklin R., Leibert T., MacKinnon D., Pike A. 2024. Regional Varieties of ‘Left-Behindness’ in the EU15. Regional Studies, 59(1): 2417704. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2024.2417704
References
Anokhin А.А., Kuzin V.Yu. 2019. Approaches to the Allocation of Periphery and Рeripheralization in the Spatial Development of Modern Russia. Proceedings of the Russian Geographical Society, 151(1): 3–16 (in Russian). https://doi.org/ 10.31857/S0869-607115113-16
Gritsai O.V., Ioffe G.V., Treivish A.I. 1991. Centre and Periphery in Regional Development. Moscow, Pabl. Institut geografii AN SSSR, 168 p. (in Russian)
Druzhinin А.G. 2013. Prostranstvennyye vozmozhnosti i baryery postindustrialnogo razvitiya regionalnoy metropolii (na primere Rostova-na-Donu) [Spatial Opportunities and Barriers to Post- Industrial Development of a Regional Metropolis (Using Rostov-on-Don as an Example)]. Regional'nye issledovaniya, 2(40): 25–32.
Druzhinin А.G. 2014. Polizavisimost v tsentro-periferiynoy stratifikatsii territorialnoy organizatsii obshchestva: osnovy kontseptsii [Polydependence in the Center-Periphery Stratification of the Territorial Organization of Society: the Basic of Concepts]. Sotsial'no-ekonomicheskaya geografiya. Vestnik Assotsiatsii rossiyskikh geografov-obshchestvovedov, 3: 29–40.
Isyanbaev M.N. 2017. Depressive Territories: Essence, Formation, Principles of I Dentification. Vestnik VEGU, 4(90): 51–57 (in Russian).
Kaganski V.L. 2012. Inner Periphery – New Growing Zoneof the Cultural Landscape of Russia. Regional Research of Russia. Geographic series, 6: 23–34 (in Russian).
Kazakov M.Yu. 2020. Prostranstvenno-ekonomicheskiye sistemy «tsentr-periferiya»: teoreticheskiye osnovy. diagnostika problem. strategicheskiye napravleniya razvitiya [Spatial and Economic Systems "Center-Periphery": Theoretical Foundations, Diagnosis of Problems, Strategic Directions of Development]. Stavropol', Pabl. AGRUS Stavropol'skogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta, 608 p.
Kaibicheva E.I. 2017. Takaya mnogolikaya periferiya. ili k voprosu o tipologii periferiynykh regionov [Such a Diverse Periphery or to the Question of the Typology of Peripheral Regions]. Vestnik of Samara State University of Economics, 7(153): 23–29.
Kuzin V.Yu. 2019. Metropolisation Process of Contemporary Russia in the Context of Polarization. Pskov Journal of Regional Studies, 1(19): 33–45 (in Russian).
Kuzin V.Yu. 2024. Center-periphery theory in spatial development: a critical analysis. IKBFU's Vestnik. Series: Natural and Medical Sciences, 2: 57–67 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.5922/vestniknat-2024-2-4
Lapin A.V., Kutergina G.V. 2016. Identification of Depressed Areas and Their Development Modeling: Russian and Foreign Experience. Perm University Herald. Economy, 1(28): 98–109 (in Russian).
Lukin E.V. 2014. Trends to Develop Socio-Economic Space in Russia. Territorial development issues, 7(17): 1–10 (in Russian).
Martynov V.L. 2001. Kommunikatsionnaya sreda mira i obshchestvennoye razvitiye [Communications' Environment of the World and Social Development]. Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 1: 27–33. https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2001-1-27-33
Melnikova L.V. 2024. Core-Periphery and Peripherality in Regional Science. Prostranstvennaya ekonomika, 20(1): 144–162 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.14530/se.2024.1.144-162
Nefedova T.G. 2008. Rossiyskaya periferiya kak sotsialno-ekonomicheskiy fenomen [Russia’s Periphery as a Socio-Economic Phenomenon]. Regionalnye issledovaniya, 5(20): 14–30.
Nefedova T.G., Streletsky V.N., Treivish A.I. 2022a. Polyarizatsiya sotsialno-ekonomicheskogo prostranstva sovremennoy Rossii: printsipy. napravleniya i posledstviya [Polarization of the Socioeconomic Space of Modern Russia: Causes, Directions and Consequences]. Vestnik RAN, 92(6): 551–563. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0869587322060093
Nefedova T.G., Treivish A.I., Sheludkov A.V. 2022b. A Multi-Scale Approach to Identifying Spatial Inequality in Russia as Incentive and Obstacle in Development. Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya, 86(3): 289–309 (in Russian) https://doi.org/10.31857/S2587556622030128
Rodoman B.B. 1987. Jekspressnyj transport, rasselenie i ohrana prirody [Express Transport, Resettlement and Nature Conservation]. In: Metody izuchenija rasselenija [Methods for Studying Settlement]. Moscow, Pabl. Institute of Geography SA USSR: 44–54.
Rodoman B.B. 2012. Rossijskaja vnutrennjaja periferija: vzgljad v raznyh priblizhenijah, na raznyh urovnjah [Russian Inner Periphery: a Glance in Different Approximations, at Different Levels]. In: Rossijskaja glubinka – modeli i metody izuchenija [Russian Province – Models and Methods of Studying]. Moscow, Pabl. Eslan: 41–48.
Tagirova E.I. 2020. Criteria for Assigning Regions to Depressive Territories. Vestnik Altayskoy akademii ekonomiki i prava, 10–3: 309–313 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.17513/vaael.1380
Udalov V.S., Kolobov О.А. 2012. The Center – Periphery System in the Contemporary Political Process. Vestnik of Lobachevsky University of Nizhni Novgorod, 2–1: 297–301 (in Russian).
Benner M., Trippl M. Hassink R. 2024. Sustainable and Inclusive Development in Left-Behind Places. Review of Regional Research, 44: 237–249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10037-024-00216-w
Bolton M, Day R., Leach M. 2019. England’s Overlooked Neighbourhoods: Defining, Understanding and Regenerating ‘Left Behind’ Communities. Journal of Urban Regeneration and Renewal, 13(2): 116–123. https://doi.org/10.69554/SWRD8747
Comim Fl., Abreu M., Guinesi M.B.C. 2024. Defining Left Behind Places: an Internationally Comparative Poset Analysis. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 17(1): 163–180. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsad038
Connor D.S., Berg Al.K., Kemeny T., Kedron P.J. 2024. Who Gets Left Behind by Left Behind Places? Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 17(1): 37–58. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsad031
Daniel Z., Whalan R. 2021. Greetings from Trumpland: How an Unprecedented Presidency Changed Everything. Sydney, ABC Books, 361 p.
Davenport A., Zaranko B. 2020. Levelling Up: Where and How. In: IFS Green Budget. London, Institute for Fiscal Studies: 315–371.
Eisenberg A.M. 2024. What does It Mean to be ‘Left Behind?’ Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 17(2): 425–430. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsae008
Essletzbichler J., Disslbacher F., Moser M. 2018. The Victims of Neoliberal Globalisation and the Rise of the Populist Vote: a Comparative Analysis of Three Recent Electoral Decisions. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 11(1): 73–94. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsx025
Fikri K. 2024. Persistently Poor, Left-Behind and Chronically Disconnected. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 17(1): 249–258. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsad048
Fiorentino S., Glasmeier A.K., Lobao L., Martin R., Tyler P. 2024. ‘Left Behind Places’: What can be Done about Them? Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 17(2): 259–274. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsae012
Fiorentino S., Glasmeier A.K., Lobao L., Martin R., Tyler P. 2024. ‘Left Behind Places’: What are They and Why do They Matter? Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 17(1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsad044
Fiorentino S., Sielker F., Tomaney J. 2024. Coastal Towns as ‘Left-Behind Places’: Economy, Environment and Planning. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 17(1): 103–116. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsad045
Flint J., Powell R. 2021. Beyond the Noosphere? Northern England’s ‘Left Behind’ Urbanism. In: Global Urbanism: Knowledge, Power and the City. London, Routledge: 80–88.
Fuguitt G. 1971. The Places Left Behind: Population Trends and Policy for Rural America. Rural Sociology, 36(4): 449–470.
Gordon I.R. 2018. In What Sense Left Behind by Globalisation? Looking for a Less Reductionist Geography of the Populist Surge in Europe. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 11(1): 95–113. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsx028
Iammarino S., Rodriguez-Pose A., Storper M. 2019. Regional Inequality in Europe: Evidence, Theory and Policy Implications. Journal of Economic Geography, 19(2): 273–298. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lby021
Jessen S. 2024. The Role of Time and Space in the Identification of Left Behind Regions: a Case Study of Denmark. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 17(1): 201–218. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsad047
MacKinnon D., Béal V., Leibert T. 2024. Rethinking ‘Left-Behind’ Places in a Context of Rising Spatial Inequalities and Political Discontent. Regional Studies, 58(6): 1161–1166. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2023.2291581
MacKinnon D., Kempton L., O'Brien P., Ormerod E., Pike A., Tomaney J. 2022. Reframing Urban and Regional ‘Development’ for ‘Left Behind’ Places. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 15(1): 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsab034
Martin R., Gardiner B., Pike A., Sunley P., Tyler P. 2021. Levelling Up Left Behind Places: The Scale and Nature of the Economic and Policy Challenge. London, Routledge, 140 p.
Martin R., Martinelli F., Clifton J. 2022. Rethinking Spatial Policy in an Era of Multiple Crises. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 15(1): 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsab037
Martins H. 2024. Left Behind Places in Brazil: the Dynamics of Regional Inequalities and Public Policies in the Early 21st Century. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 17(1): 235–248. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsad035
McCann P. 2020. Perceptions of Regional Inequality and the Geography of Discontent: Insights from the UK. Regional Studies, 54(2): 256–267. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2019.1619928
Mpungose A., Myeni S.L. 2025. Regional Development and the Challenge of ‘Left Behind’ Places in South Africa. In: Contemporary South Africa and the Political Economy of Regional Development. Eds. Mdlalose M., Khambule I., Khalema N.E. London, Routledge: 93–115.
Özatağan G., Eraydin A. 2023. Political Twists and Turns in Left-Behind Places: Reactions of an Extractive Heartland to Changing State Strategies. Regional Studies, 58(6): 1251–1263. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2023.2249505
Pike A., Béal V., Cauchi-Duval N., Franklin R., Kinossian N., Lang Th., Leibert T., MacKinnon D., Rousseau M., Royer J., Servillo L., Tomaney J., Velthuis S. 2023. ‘Left Behind Places’: a Geographical Etymology. Regional Studies, 58(6): 1167–1179. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2023.2167972
Pruitt L.R. 2024. Mustering the Political Will to Help Left-Behind Places in a Polarized USA. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 17(2): 407–416. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsae014
Rodríguez-Pose A., Lee N., Lipp C. 2021. Golfing with Trump. Social Capital, Decline, Inequality, and the Rise of Populism in the US. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 14(3): 457–481. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsab026
Rodríguez-Pose A., Terrero-Dávila J., Lee N. 2023. Left-Behind Versus Unequal Places: Interpersonal Inequality, Economic Decline and the Rise of Populism in the USA and Europe. Journal of Economic Geography, 23(5): 951–977. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbad005
Ruyter A. De, Martin R., Tyler P. 2021. Geographies of Discontent: Sources, Manifestations and Consequences. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 14(3): 381–393. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsab025
Sobolewska M., Ford R. 2020. Brexitland: Identity, Diversity and the Reshaping of British Politics. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 410 p.
Thomas J.M. 1991. The cities left behind. Built Environment, 17(3/4): 218–231.
Tierney J., Weller S., Barnes T., Beer A. 2023. Left-Behind Neighbourhoods in Old Industrial Regions. Regional Studies, 58(6): 1192–1206. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2023.2234942
Tomaney J., Blackman M., Natarajan L., Panayotopoulos-Tsiros D., Sutcliffe-Braithwaite F., Taylor M. 2023. Social Infrastructure and ‘Left-Behind Places’. Regional Studies, 58(6): 1237–1250. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2023.2224828
Tups G., Sakala E.N., Dannenberg P. 2023. Hope and Path Development in ‘Left-Behind’ Places – a Southern Perspective. Regional Studies, 58(6): 1219–1236. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2023.2235396
Ulrich-Schad J.D., Duncan C.M. 2018. People and Places Left Behind: Work, Culture and Politics in the Rural United States. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 45(1): 59–79.
Velthuis S., Royer J., Le Petit-Guerin M., Cauchi-Duval N., Franklin R., Leibert T., MacKinnon D., Pike A. 2024. Regional Varieties of ‘Left-Behindness’ in the EU15. Regional Studies, 59(1): 2417704. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2024.2417704
Abstract views: 95
Share
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2025 Regional Geosystems

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
